Disorders And Disease In Human Excretory System

Disorders and disease in excretory system happen because of the presence of damages excretory organs. The damage of excretory organs can be caused by several factors , for example organism infection hormonal disorder and so on.
1. Disorders and disease in liver
a. Hepatitis
Hepatitis is also called jaundice. Person who suffers this disease, his skin appears yellowish pale , part of eye white is yellowish m and nails of his fingers also have yellow color.
Appearance of yellow color on the skin , eye , and hand nail of the sufferer is due to gall duct that is blocked so the gall aquaous doesn’t enter into duodenum , but it enters into blood circulation system.
Hepatitis is caused by virus so it causes inflammation in liver. Virus that causes hepatitis are varied such as hepatitis A virus and hepatitis B virus. Hepatitis B virus attack liver harder than hepatitis A.


b. Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus caused by the rise of glucose in the blood, the presence of glucose in urine, and the rise of urine production. This disease cause the sufferer to often feel thirsty m often feel like urinating m and incline to eat excessively. Diabetes is separated into two types; those are Diabetes type 1 and Diabetes type 2.
Diabetes of type 1 appears and commonly attacks people of age below 20 years old. This disease will be suffered for life and be overcome by injecting insulin regularly.
Diabetes of type 2 is suffered by people of age above 40 years old, particularly the people who have excessive body weight. This disease is caused by the lack of insulin secreted or body cell inability to make reaction to normal insulin level.




2. Disorders and Disease in Kidney
Disorders in kidney can be caused by the damaged of kidney because bacteria infection wrong eating method, and abnormal disorder.
Humains have one pair of kidneys, so if one kidney has does not function the another kidney takes over blood filtration task. But if both kidneys cannot do their function, it will have fatal effect because urea will be piled in the body and poison the body so it can cause death.
If both kidneys cannot do their function anymore, the urea piled in the body must be discharged by blood washing routinely or doing kidney transplantation. Blood washing is done until the sufferer gets kidney donor but kidney organ that will be donored must have similarity to the tissue or organ of the sufferer so there is no rejection. Besides kidney malfunction disease, other disease in the kidney are :
a. Nephritis, is disturbance because of germ infection, so it cause ureum that enters to the blood to exceed normal level (20% - 40%) that is called uremia. This makes water absorption disturbed so water will be piled in the foot or another body organ and his condition is called oedema.
b. Diabetes insipidus, is a disease because of the lack or the extinction of ADH hormone so volume of urine exceeds normal even can reach 30 times of normal urine.
c. Albuminuria is disease because protein (albumin) slippes out of filtration so it is found in urine.
d. Kidney stone is a disease caused by the existences of sediment of calcium salt in renal pelvis , ureter , or urethra. This precipitation of calcium salt causes urine to hardly quit and cause pain. Kidney stone has various sizes beginning from as large as a grain of sand until bigger than a golf ball. Kidney stone can be caused y lack of drinking or often postponement of urinating.

1.       3. The Disorders Ailment and Disease in skin

a.      The athlete foot

Athlete foot disease is caused by infection of fungus in foot. This fungus will grow if foot is in humid condition and sweating. To prevent this disease we should keep the food dry and immediately open shoes or shocks doing activity.

b.      Ringworm

Ringworm is a disease in the skin because of fungal infection so in the skin is formed circular bundle. This disease can be reduced by using antifungal medicine.

Meanwhile, to prevent it, keep self cleanliness and keep the skin dry. The cause of ringworm disease does not only infect body skin, but can infect the skin of head and nail.

c.       Rash Biduran

Rash is caused by cold temperature, allergic to chemical materials, foods, and drugs. The effect produced is skin become itchy, appears swollen with irregular shape.

d.      The psoriasis

The symptom that appears from this disease are the skin has reddish color and scaly on head skin, elbow, knee and back.

The symptom of psoriasis can be reduced even if treatment is done regularly even though this disease cannot be curred totally.

e.      The skin cancer

Skin cancer is the kind of cancer that is often found, skin cancer can be caused by skin exposure to sunlight excessively and often attacks people who has light colored skin.

Skin cancer disease can be prevented by limiting the period of skin is struct by sunlight using sunscreening lotion. 

chapter 1 excretion system (kidney and skin )

3. The kidney

Kidney is main excretory organ in human. Human kidney is one pair, shaped like kidney bean and has red color or purplish. The length of kidney is about 10 cm, and lies inside abdominal cavity to the right-left of vertebral column. Left kidney is higher than right kidney. The weight of kidney of adult people is about 200 grams.

The kidney has function as follows :

a. Filtering blood from the renal artery that comes from aorta that is waste matters that are not required but found in the blood and collected in the form of urine.

In normal condition urine contains :

1) Water of 95%

2) Urea , acid , and ammonia that is waste of restore of protein.

3) The gill pigments (bilirubin and biliverdin) that give yellow colour in urine.

4) Excessive in blood such as vitamin B and C , drugs , poison , and hormone.

5) Various kinds of salt , particularly common salt (NaCl)

b. Keep water equilibrium inside the body, by the following method.

1) If water excessive (water supply too much) then water will be removed.

2) If the supply of water is small in amount , the excretion of water is decreased.

Kidney consist of three parts, those are cortex , medulla , and pelvis.

a) The cortex

In this part there are hundreds thousands of malphigian bodies. The malphigian body consist of glomerulus and bowman’s capsule. Glomerulus is collection of smooth blood vessels that are branches of renal artery , while bowman’s capsule is a part that has a shape of a bowl or cup that is in pair with glomerulus.

In bowman’s capsule, the blood from glomerulus is filtered. Substances that still use are absorbed again by the blood while the waste matters are nor required anymore will be discharged. From the bowman’s capsule the waste matters go to minor calyx and major calyx, finally it arrives to pelvis and is discharged in the form of urine.

b) The medulla

Medulla is bodies of conical shape that are called pyramids. In this part of pyramid there are smooth vessels that are repercussion of bowman’s capsule. Smooth vessels flow urine into the larger duct and ended in pelvis. Then, the urine is conducted through ureter and received in urethra. If the ureter contains the urine, then ureter wall will be pushed so circular muscle in the end stretches. This cause the impulse if feeling to urinate. Then the urine is released through urethra.

c) The pelvis

Pelvis is the place to receive urine before it is conducted to urethra.


The order of urine discharged is as follows. 
Glomerulus – Bowman’s capsule – small collecting duct (proximal tubulous and distal tubulous) – big collecting duct – pelvis – ureter – urinary bladder – urine discharging duct (urethra) 


4.    Skin  
Skin is thin layer that covers the entire of body surface. The skin is included in the one excretory organs because it discharged sweat. Sweat consist of minerals salts, mainly common salt. The quantity of sweat produced corresponds to the regulation of body temperature. Of the air is hot then sweat discharged is large in quantity , but if the air is cold, the sweat discharged is small.

a)  The structure of skin

(1)  Epidermis

The epidermis consist of two layers, those are epithelium layer and malpighian layer.

(2)  The dermis

Dermis contains blood vessel , the sweat gland , the hair follicle , the subaceous gland , and the end of sensoric nerve.

(3)  The connective tissue under the skin

b)   The function of skin

(1)  As excretory organ

(2)   As protector

(3)  As place of feeler sense and touching sense

(4)  As place to store surplus of fat

(5)  As place to form vitamin D

(6)  As regulator of body temperature

chapter 1 excretion system (liver and lung)

The excretory system is a passive biological system that removes excess, unnecessary or dangerous materials from an organism, so as to help maintain homeostasis within the organism and prevent damage to the body. It is responsible for the elimination of the waste products of metabolism as well as other liquid and gaseous wastes. As most healthy functioning organs produce metabolic and other wastes, the entire organism depends on the function of the system; however, only the organs specifically for the excretion process are considered a part of the excretory system.

a.    Various kinds of constituent organs of excretions system organs in human

The human excretion system is composed by excretory organs that involve liver , lungs , kidney , and skin. In the following it will be discussed one by one of those excretory organs.

1.    Liver

Liver is included into gland and the largest gland inside the body. Liver has reddish-brown color of weight in adult people  is about 2kg. liver is located inside abdominal cavitiy to the right , under diaphragm.

Liver is included into secretory organ and excretory organ. Liver is called secretory organ because the liver produces gall , while liver is called excretory organ because the gall discharged contains waste matters that come from broken red blood cell and destroyed in the lymph . the gall is discharged by liver is received in gallbladder and then is flown duodenum by gall duct.

Besides as excretory organ , liver also has the other function as follows.

a)    Destroying disease germs and neutralizing poison that enters into the body.

b)    Controlling sugar level in the blood. The surplus substance in the blood is charged to be glycogen and if blood is lacking of sugar substances , the glycogen is charged to be glucose and it is supplied to the bloog.

c)    As formation place of prothombin and fibrinogen.

d)    As place to charge provitamin A to be vitamin A. Provitamin A is obtained from vegetables and fruit that by liver is charged  to be vitamin A.

e)    As formation place of urea. Urea comes from ammonia. Ammonia (NH₃) is chemical compound of recombination surplus of protein. Ammonia has poisonous property so before discharged from the body it must be changed firstly urea.

2.    Lung

Lungs are main organ in respiratory system  because it function to take oxygen (see again the discussion of respiratory in class VIII ). Besides as respiratory organ , the lungs also has function as excretion organ.Respiratory process produces energy and by product of waste matter that is carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water vapor (H₂O). CO₂ and H₂O are released again through lung. So lung is also called as excretion organ because it release CO₂ and H₂O